Major General Edward O. Ord - American Civil War

Skill, Ability, and Technique in Sports Essays - 946 Words

Skill, Ability, and Technique in Sports Introduction In order to be a success at a particular sport, whether its playing football in the back garden or opening the batting for your country you must have skill, ability and technique. Skill is the ability to choose and perform the right techniques at the correct time, regularly and with the minimum of effort in a specific movement in a sport. Sportsmen use their skills to achieve particular objectives in their sport e.g. scoring a century in cricket. Ability is the make up of a sportsman. A number of different aspects of your make up can be taken into consideration whilst talking about ability e.g. Height, Strength and co-ordination.†¦show more content†¦(Professor GP Meredith) Both of the above quotes show the distinct link between skill, ability and technique. Skill can be broken down into a number of different types. These are: Cognitive skills, Perceptual skills, Motor skills and Perceptual motor skills. In order to perform any skill in sports, you must have the ability to do so. Your ability is something that you are born with, so to improve it you need to train. Here are two definitions of ability: James Quirke ------------ Discuss the differences between skill, ability and technique and explain how you would structure practices to enhance these components of a performance Motor abilities are relatively enduring traits which are generally stable qualities or factors that help a person carry out a particular act (E. Fleishman) Motor abilities are innate inherited traits that determine an individuals co-ordination, balance, ability and speed of reactions (R. Arnot and C. Gaines) The difference between skill and ability is that a skill can be taught and changed and your ability is something that is inherited from your parents and cannot be taught. Technique is something, which you need to have to complete a particular skill. It is often confused with skill. 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General Overview of Gats Free Essays

1. General overview of GATS The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is the first and only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. The definition of services trade under the GATS is four-pronged, depending on the territorial presence of the supplier and the consumer at the time of the transaction. We will write a custom essay sample on General Overview of Gats or any similar topic only for you Order Now The GATS covers services supplied a. Cross border trade: from the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member. . Consumption abroad: in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member. c. Commercial presence: by a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence, in the territory of any other Member. d. Presence of natural persons: by a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member. 2. Proposed benefits of GATS There are six benefits of GATS, they are 1. Economic performance, An efficient services infrastructure is a precondition for economic success, many governments rely on an open and transparent environment for the provision of services. 2. Development, World-class enterprises in developing countries have a greater advantage, and better do business. Developing countries also have able to build on foreign investment and expertise 3. Consumer savings, Globalization of trade in services allows consumers a wider choice of lower prices, better quality goods and services 4. Faster innovation, The exchanges between the countries, information can promote technology innovation faster. 5. Greater transparency and predictability, Legally binding guarantee, allows companies in the international trade and investment in a stable condition. 6. Technology transfer, encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) usually can bring new skills and techniques. 3. Major criticisms of GATS Many civic groups said that most of the current economic restructuring under the WTO-OMC system is in the interest of big business, and not in the interest of the public. They are concerned that further deregulation of the service sector will lead to a widening of the gap between rich and poor, to further environmental deterioration, and human cost is low in poor areas. 4. My opinion on GATS Overall, GATS met with some difficulties in the actual operation, and has created the problem of some criticism for people, but the trade agreements made n indelible contribution to the development of international trade in the world. As long as the various countries, the company is in the future economic and trade constantly looking for better solutions to improve the existing mechanism, the world economy is definitely better services under the framework of GATS rapid development. http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/cbt_course_e/intro1_e. htm http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/serv_ e/gats_factfiction3_e. htm http://www. twnside. org. sg How to cite General Overview of Gats, Papers

Case Study Analysis Of Various Customer Segments for Harley Davidson

Question: Prepare a report for the Board addressing the following: - An analysis of the various customer segments for Harley Davidson- A comment on what you perceive their Value Proposition is for each segment- A comment on the buying behaviour for each segment- Recommendations for how to market and appeal to one of the segments identified in previous sections incorporating a pricing strategy, promotion strategy and a distribution strategy. Are You Daunted by the Thought of due Case Study ? Avail Our Services and Receive Case study Help from experts. Answer: Executive Summary The three M's of the firm named Harley's Davidson which is management, manufacturing as well as marketing helps the firm to attain success in the market and thereby attain vast market share. The study here tries to provide details about the firms strategy and plans through which it captures market and also evaluates the gap that is left by the firm and lays down suggestions for filling of these gaps. Introduction: Harley-Davidson Inc generally abbreviatedas H-DotherwiseHarley, is actually an Americanmotorcycle producer. Founded inthe Milwaukee, Wisconsinwhile first decade of 20th century, the firm was among two vital American motorcycle maker where Indianwas the other. The firm survived Great Depression and also survived the period of most poorquality managementand competition through Japanese manufacturers. Right from 1977 till 2014 only motorcycles that were sold to public beneath Harley-Davidson brand actually were the heavyweight motorcycles that were designed for the highway cruising, along withthe engine displacementsbetter than some 700cc (Chan, 2010). About the case: With growing international economy, Harley Davidson is looking for paths towards improvement of their share in the market. Several excellent firms also have learned the ways in which they need to beat their rivals through implementation of novel management and marketing, as well as manufacturing tools as techniques. Harley-Davidson also is one of such excellent firms that has a challenged to cope up with the marketing processes and fight with all its rivals existing in the market. The study intends to demonstrate through the case study which will prove the firms effort towards coping up with the market. Aims plus objectives: There are several aims and objectives of this study. They are mentioned below: 1. To properly analyse several customer segments intended for the firm named Harley Davidson 2. To provide proper comment on Value Proposition of the firm for each of its segment 3. To write points related purchasing behaviour of each segment 4. TO supply several recommendations for the ways in which market appeals and also include an appropriate pricing strategy and promotion strategy as well as an exact distribution plan (Das, 2014). Discussion: Though Harley was a very profitable firm during the First World War and second also, this status rapidly changed while 1970's. After leveraged takeover, Harley's novel owners comprehended that for making needed improvements; they also were required to determine things that went wrong. Later to the careful analysis, management developed following list that were vitally contributing to problems beforehand experienced: Corporate management was focusing mostly upon the short term returns. Management never lend ears to employees otherwise gave them liability for quality of things they made (Harley Davidson selects Trespa Virtuon for showrooms, 2004). Greater inventories of the parts guzzled up cash as well as reduced productivity. Belief within the quick fixes intended for problems, like throwing in the computers plus state-of-art machinery towards improving the productivity. Elevated break-even tip that left Harley Davidson vulnerable towards unpredictable fluctuations of the market. Management woke up extra late towards threat of the foreign competition as of the "it can't occur here" condition. Various customer segments for Harley Davidson Harley-Davidson actually enjoyed domination within motorcycle industry intended for several decades. In 1970's, Japanese producer flooded market with very high quality, less priced bikes. Right from 1973 - 1983, the market share for Harley went from some 77.5% to about 23.3% along with Honda carrying 44% of market by the year 1983. Harley-Davidson also could not fight on price alongside Japanese motorcycle manufacturer, so it even had established some other values in the market and advanced the quality. At the same time, United States user base was also undergoing a vast revolution that mandated consumer oriented products. Harley even had to alter from firm which orders what customers can have towards the strategies on the basis of direct input taken from the customers (Homburg, Krohmer and Workman, 2004). Proper marketing philosophy also was developed on the basis of the customers needs wants and desires, gathered via surveys, interviews as well as focus groups. Demographic- Based on age and gender. Harley targets mostly male and people aged amid 18-35. The Street also is first all novel platforms that Harley released in all its career of13 years plus must help firm grow share in the market in outreach customer sections. Harley-Davidson even carries a strategy to expand its global presence as well as reach novel demographics within U.S. and in the international markets. Presently, a large number of our customers reside within U.S; moreover, global retail sales also have been enhancing as a current of the total sales (Homburg, Krohmer and Workman, 2004). Geographic- Harley-Davidson in reality is presently executing multi-generational as well as multi-cultural marketing strategy in the U.S. The success of this strategy is measured by internally monitoring share in the market within targeted consumer segments of the Core, young adults like men and women aged amid 18-34 years, women like Caucasian women above 35 years and also a very diverse men plus women like African-American as well as Hispanic that are above 35 years of age (Jackson, 2007). Motorcycle registration outcomes show that Harley-Davidson actually is segment leader within the U.S. going on-road motorcycle registrations, regarding the heavyweight i.e. 651cc+ registrations as well as all displacement registrations, all across the targeted demographic consumer definitions including the following: Core Customers Women Diverse Customers Young Adults Value Proposition for every segment Value propositionrefers to apromiseofthe valuethat is to be supplied as well as acknowledged plus a belief through customerthat the value would be supplied as well as experienced. A proper value proposition of Harley is applied to the entire organization, and even to some of its parts thereof. Creating an exact value proposition also is a portion ofthe business strategy of the firm. Harley develops a value proposition on the basis of areviewas well as analysis of benefits,costsplus value which the firm delivers to all its customers, probable customers, as well as otherconstituentclusters in and out of the firm (McKenna, 1985). Harley-Davidson actually stands for total independence, freedom as well as individuality and expressing self, adventure upon open road, plus experiencing life towards the fullest. A proper functional advantage is alluring at several phases than the emotional advantages. It is all about answering question like does Harley create better motorcycle as compared to Honda? Some emotional self-animated benefits of such brands surely are extra prevalent. Therefore, it makes an exact sense towards moving beyond operational benefits as well as considers the self-expressive and social plus emotional advantages as a base for value proposition of the brand. Geographic- Harleys customers in US consider the brand as a luxury brand and also assume that the firm has higher values and that the firm supplies what it promises (Reeves, 1977) Demographic- As per age the customers amid age 18 to 34 feel the happiness and freedom while riding to bikes of Harley and also feel relaxed and contended while. Buying behavior for each segment Harleys customers shows a very usual buying behavior. Its customers are generally verylotal to the brand and tend to buy the brand whenever they go for purchase. The brand engenders intense loyalty because it is found in hearts of the Harley-Davidson owners. Harleys audiences are granite like. Bikers from all across nation lounge upon their less-slung Harleys, exchange biker tales, as well as sport T-shirts announcement the customers actually push Harley than drive an Honda. Riding intense emotions, Harley has roared its path to top of fast-developing hardwearing motorcycle marketplace (Vanderveer and Pines, 2007). Harley's "Hogs" also capture over some 1/5th of total U.S. sales of bike and additional to the half of heavyweight sector. Both segment as well as sales of Harley sales is actually growing vastly. In reality, for many years of running, sales also have far surpassed the supply, with the customer rapidly catalog of up till 3 years for the popular replicas as well as street p rices that are running well higher than the suggested catalog prices. Marketers of Harley Davidson also spend a vast deal of the time thinking related to the customers as well as their purchasing behavior. The firm also needs to understand who the real as well as probable customers are and also that what they actually think as well as how they really feel, plus the reason why these customers buy Harley and not a Yamaha otherwise Suzuki or even a large Honda which is American Classic. There are several difficult questions that the firm needs to answer in order to find the right path towards the attainment of all its marketing aims and goals. These are in reality difficult queries; even Harleys management themselves in reality don't know precisely what motivates all of their purchasing. But the Harley management even puts some top priority upon understanding the customers as well as finding things that what makes the customers happy and satisfied. Harley Davidson actually makes very good and luxury bikes, as well as towards keeping up with shifting market, firm has tried to upgrade all its showrooms as well as sales looms. But the Harley buyers are purchasing extra than merely quality bike as well as a smooth trade pitch. Towards attaining a better and proper understanding of the customers' motivations and satisfaction, Harley-Davidson has conducted proper focus groups within which the firm invited bikers towards making the cut paste collages of the pictures which also expressed all of the firms feelings regarding Harley Davidson. The firm can see a bunch of the hard-core bikers purchasing the firms bike as the bike supplies them what they want (Wang, 1997). Many studies have confirmed that the firm Harley and its customers are actually doing extra than merely purchasing motorcycles. The buyers of the bikes of Harley make an appropriate lifestyle statement as well as display a proper attitude. As analysts suggests, buying a Harley actually makes people the toughest and the worst guy on block. Harley renews the spirits as well as announces the independence of the buyers. As Harley home page of the web in reality announces, the Thumbing starter of the Harley-Davidson also does extra than the fire engine. This fires the actual imagination." Demographic- the demographic segment seems to be very loyal to the firm and actually tend to purchase the Harley bikes each time they go for buying a bike and the firm also makes these buyers feel extra happy and contended when they use the bike (Weinstein, 2000). Geographic- The real as well as classic look and throaty sound contribute towards its mystique. Owning such "American legend" also makes Americans a part and parcel of something greater and bigger, and also makes them feel as a part of Harley family. The reality that customers have to remain to attain a Harley bike also makes it extra satisfying to carry one. Actually, the firm deliberately restricts all its output. And the aims and goals of the firm is to finally run the production at all the level that's forever. Such a vast and strong emotions as well as motivations also are captured within a current Harley-Davidson promotion (Weinstein, 1997). Recommendations: There are several suggestions that are to be given to the firm in order to attain better results and capture larger market share. Marketing stimuli actually consist of four Ps that are product, place, price and promotion. Some other stimuli also include vital forces as well as events in buyer's ecology: economic, technological and political, as well as cultural. All such inputs enter buyer's black box, at the place where they also are turned in some set of various observable purchase product options, brand choice and dealer choice as well as buying timing, plus the purchase quantity. Promotion Primary promotional techniques and tools for the firm Harley motorcycles are HOG actions. Not merely does the firm serves like a user relations device, yet as a path towards showcasing as well as demonstrating novel products. Harley must develop a very strong impression in the minds of consumers. Within a year the firm must try to develop a brand name licensing program that would in return provide all its income for the dealers as well as factory at time of expanding whole Harley experience. The firms program might also put a stoppage towards bootlegged the Harley Davidson goods and the offered priceless promotions (Yugov, 1989). Product Harley needs to find its strength and analyze its weaknesses in heavyweight section. They even need to identify as well as properly exploit all its mini niches where it needs to target market and win customers for attaining proper success in the market. Also the firm must now try to attain more market share through producing for some middle class people so that Harley becomes a known and liked brand in all the segments including the middle class one. Some customized goods and touring plus sport street motorcycles, may also help the firm to enhance its market share. The firm can also bring in several colors of bikes in order to attract the younger generation and hit the segment properly. Several new model of bikes can be brought in by the manufacturer with an intention to make the market aware of something novel and unique and one that hits their brain as well as heart. Some new styles can be brought in or developed as Harley has always developed in and around its signature image towa rds ensuring that product is not merely a higher quality part of equipment yet is even charismatic. Price Harley-Davidson should now quickly learn about its competitors and now the market well. It must now try to hit the market and attain the market share through providing a price that would help the firm to attain better customer value and also exist for longer time in the market as well as give a proper cut throat competition to the firms exiting in the industry. For this the firm can lower its price by making more and more products and attaining economies of scale and thereby aim on supplying more bikes to the market with less price which would also attract some other segments of the market and thereby help the firm to enhance its profit. Distribution The distribution of the bikes by firm must be more and more intense and thereby the firm can attain better market share. It must work on enhancing and developing proper distribution channel where customers would be forced to wait for the bikes they have ordered for and thereby the customers can be explicitly attracted by the firm and thereby this might help the firm to enhance the value perception people carry in mind regarding the firm and its products. The customers of Harley actually have to wait long for the bikes they order thus the firm must work on this and try to take proper action on this issue so that the firm could fill this gap through enhancing its distribution channel and working on development of novel outlets. Conclusion: Good relations and continuous improvement as well as customer management and involvement in proper marketing actions, are not merely words in the management book of Harley-Davidson. Rather by adopting all such strategies and plans the firm properly attracts several customers and is capable in building the brand loyalty and brand management is appropriately done by the firm. The firm needs to improve upon certain field and then all it needs to do is to take certain actions to enhance its capability and fill the gaps that are negatively affecting the firm. References Chan, K. (2010). Harley Davidson Inc. a case in international accrual accounting analysis on the risk, profitability and/or cash flow from estimation and management discretion. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 2(4), p.401. Das, K. (2014). 'Harley Davidson' Success Speaks- Brand Image and Culture: An HR Perspective. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4(2), pp.48-56. Harley Davidson selects Trespa Virtuon for showrooms. (2004). Pigment Resin Technology, 33(6). Homburg, C., Krohmer, H. and Workman, J. (2004). A strategy implementation perspective of market orientation. Journal of Business Research, 57(12), pp.1331-1340. Jackson, S. (2007). Market share is not enough: why strategic market positioning works. Journal of Business Strategy, 28(1), pp.18-25. McKenna, R. (1985). Market Positioning in High Technology. California Management Review, 27(3), pp.82-108. Reeves, G. (1977). A Note On Integrating Inventory And Product Sales-Mix Models. Decision Sciences, 8(1), pp.332-335. Vanderveer, R. and Pines, N. (2007). Customer-Driven Positioning: The next generation approach to pharmaceutical product positioning. J Med Market, 7(1), pp.71-76. Wang, C. (1997). Bases for International Market Segmentation. Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 1(1), pp.5-21. Weinstein, A. (1997). Strategic Segmentation. Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 1(2), pp.7-16. Weinstein, A. (2000). Segmentation 2000. Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 4(1), pp.1-4. Yugov, P. (1989). Improving the quality and expanding the product mix of converter steel. Metallurgist, 33(10), pp.194-195.

Sacrifice and Love in Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay Example

Sacrifice and Love in Captain Corellis Mandolin Paper Sacrifice may be considered as the act of offering something to a deity in propitiation or homage; especially the ritual slaughter of an animal or person. This is certainly true in Captain Corellis Mandolin. Almost every person in the novel makes some sort of sacrifice which is triggered by the love for their country; their loved ones or for survival and dignity. The largest sacrifice in this novel would have to be the sacrifice that the soldiers make for their country. Whether it be the men in the Julia Division, Bari Division, Acqui Division, the Greeks or Bunnios; they are all risking their lives for their country. By being a patriotic and serving their country, they are expected to make the sacrifice of their lives. The entire Acqui Division is a good example of how men are forced to die for their country. Like Mandras, they are a mere statistic of the ritual slaughtering of war. Their deaths are inevitabilities of this tragedy. Whilst the men of the Acqui Division are being sent to their death there is a strong sense of acceptance as they pray with their heads bowed down to their knees. Because the men have chosen to fight for their country, there is no struggle or fight for their right of survival until the very end when some were praying, weeping or standing in despair. They have lost the right to live because their country lost a war they chose to fight in. Carlo and Francesco have also had their right to live taken away because of their decision to join the army. They were given no choice when used as a catalyst to start a war between Greece and Italy. They were a mere operational necessity; they were Italys sacrifice. We will write a custom essay sample on Sacrifice and Love in Captain Corellis Mandolin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sacrifice and Love in Captain Corellis Mandolin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sacrifice and Love in Captain Corellis Mandolin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They had no choice but to follow orders despite it being against their wish and were only allowed to ask operational questions, not questions of policy. They were expected to sacrifice their lives for their country: we were supposed to be killed. We are Greeks attacking the Italian Army, and were supposed to be dead. As a result of their sacrifice they are given medals but ordered not to wear them. There is no honour and glory in their sacrifice; instead secrecy, betrayal and murder and deceit. Because of the obligatory sacrifices soldiers must give at war, men like Carlo and Mandras are just one more life warped and ruined by war. And as a result it [war] destroyed my patriotism, it changed my ideals, it made me question the whole notion of duty, and it horrified me and made me sad Unlike Carlo and Francesco who were ordered to sacrifice their lives for something immoral and for something they did not believe in; Captain Corelli, the Acqui Division and Father Arsenios are willing to sacrifice for what they do believe in. The Acqui Division voted to resist the Germans based on the fact that the time had come for them to do something right. They therefore knowingly resist the Germans despite the knowledge of the consequences. Corelli too makes his own sacrifice because he had to be with his boys and because of what he strongly believes in. To carry out his beliefs even further, Corelli chooses to have the honour of being court-martialled alongside General Gandin if necessary. By consciously taking this step he knows the risks he is about to take: his life and never seeing Pelagia again. Yet he is still willing to make these sacrifices and Pelagia in light of this, understandingly but reluctantly says, Honour and common sense; in light of the other, both of them are ridiculous. Father Arsenios too sacrifices for the same beliefs that Corelli has: Anti-Nazism. Father Arsenios drunkenness, greed and indolence was absolved by the war and in the end, he sacrifices his health, and later, life, by taunting the German soldiers as they burn the Italians dead. He becomes a skeleton stretched with skin and burned with sores. Father Arsenios has transformed from a man of venial[ity], a glutton, a would-be lecher, a relentless seeker of alms and offerings, an anthropomorphized promissory note to a saint. Father Arsenios, like Captain Corelli and the Acqui Division and even the ELAS and EKAS are all sacrificing their lives for what they believe in. Although each man may be sacrificing for different ideals; they are still giving up the people they love and the things they love for those morals. Whilst not all sacrifices are for the better, some sacrifices in this novel are made for the very right of survival that so many men have been deprived of. Gi nter Weber and Mandras fall under this category. Although both men are in the army and are risking their lives for their country, they have joined the army, like everyone else with the hope that they will not have to make that sacrifice. Weber for example has relinquished his friendship with the Italians as well as his honour in order to survive. Weber seemed to have recognized his fate that he would be the one ordered to kill his friends and unlike many of the Italian soldiers, Weber chose between following his orders or sacrificing his friendship and integrity. Weber chooses to forget his friends and live the rest of his life with guilt. Mandras on the other hand had little choice. Mandras makes more than one sacrifice in this novel but his most life-changing sacrifice is when he chooses to beat the old man when Hector instructs him to. This is a significant point for Mandras because this is when he changes from a family-loving, playful spirit to a Communist, chauvinistic brute. By choosing to become a member of the ELAS, he is sacrificing his beliefs, morality, Pelagia and most importantly, his mother. When Mandras chooses to rape Pelagia, he is breaking away from the women in his life: Pelagia and Drosula. Although Mandras makes sacrifices; he is not a sacrifice. He is a mere statistic of war, like everyone else. And the fact of life that comes into their defense is that War is a dirty business. Sacrifices are made, morals are lost and cruelty is a necessity. However, Drosula too sacrifices her relationship with Mandras when she chooses to go to Pelagias defense instead of Mandras. Drosula gives up her bond with her son in order to stand by what she believes is morally correct and what she knows has happened: war has corrupted her son. When she stands up to her son, it shows the ferocity of Drosula as well as the strength and power of women. Finally, sacrifices that are made instinctively for the people they love most are from Doctor Iannis, Carlo and Pelagia. These three characters are the protagonists of the novel and their stories weigh the most in the book therefore it is not surprising that their sacrifice is the most noble. These three characters make Carlos statement true that Love will make men dare to die for their beloved-Love alone. Iannis and Carlo are similar because they both knowingly sacrifice their lives for the people they love most. Iannis sacrifices his life when he saves Pelagia and Drosula out of the earthquake. Iannis who used to be so full of vibrance and fire, by the end was so futile and traumatized by his concentration, still managed to push himself out of eight years of silence and cry Get out! Get out! Save yourselves! . This truly shows the meaning of sacrifice and how much his family meant to him. Iannis sacrifice is instinctive more so than it is conscious which is unlikely in this novel. Carlos sacrifice is also instinctive when he rushes out to pull Francescos body back into the trench. By merely stepping out of the safety of the trench, Carlo is already risking his life for Francesco. Carlos sacrifice for Corelli however is a decision rather than a sacrifice. Although he did give up his life in order to save Corellis, Carlo chose to stand to attention next to Corelli. There is also an element of self-interest when Carlo stands in front of Corelli. Carlo joins the army in order to be with other beautiful men and because he wishes to escape the scornful eyes of society, rather than to fight for his country and when he finally does get to die a proper soldiers death and for someone he loves, he is glad to die at last. However by joining the army he is also sacrificing the physical union in order to retain comradeship with the other men. Pelagia makes an unconscious sacrifice for the man she loves. By allowing him to escape Cephallonia she is not only taking a chance that she will not get caught but also unknowingly sacrificing their love. However although her sacrifice at the time was instinctive, waiting thirty years for Corelli was not. Pelagia deliberately waits for Corelli, despite no certainty of his return and literally watches her youth and beauty slip through her fingers. By the end of the novel, she has transformed from a woman of beauty and youth to an embittered, senile old lady. Whilst waiting for Corelli, Pelagia also adopts Antonia, thereby limiting her choices and giving up the chance to live. Almost every person in this novel sacrifices a part of their lives, whether it may be for someone they love or for themselves. This theme of De Bernieres ties the novel and its characters together; they all feel the pain of losing dignity, happiness, loved ones and their lives.

Free Essays on Rita Dove

used here are â€Å"blighted† which means something that stops growth and withers hopes and ambitions. So she is saying that her child has failed in her mother’s hopes and ambitions for her. â€Å"This wary aristocratic mole† is the mother saying that the daughter is an untrusting mammal of nobility, as moles have dark silvery fur and her daughter is dressed in head to toe in gray. Noble meaning she is better than this. In the fifth stanza we come to where the mother speaks quite plainly about what her daughter has become. â€Å"How’s... Free Essays on Rita Dove Free Essays on Rita Dove The Whore and The Child I have chosen to analyze two poems by Rita Dove. The two poems I have chosen are â€Å"The Bistro Styx† and â€Å"For Sophie, Who’ll Be in First Grade in the Year 2000†. In both these poems we have a mother or a mother figure trying to reach out to a daughter and to a child. â€Å"The Bistro Styx† is an exploration of a mother/daughter relationship. It’s about a mother letting her daughter go and not being able to protect her any longer. In â€Å"For Sophie, Who’ll Be in First Grade in the Year 2000† we have a mother figure giving advise to a child, to protect and help her in her quest of life. In the poem â€Å"The Bistro Styx† we find Rita Dove working with the ideas of home life. In the beginning the mother sees that her daughter approaches looking different and the mother asks, â€Å"What’s this?† The first notation of the difference from the child she was used to the woman that she has become. The daughter apologizes for being late, though she wasn’t. This is just a way of letting her mother know that she wasn’t in control anymore. Perhaps that she wasn’t in fear of any anger that the mother might have. The second instance where we see that the mother is unhappy with what her daughter has become and she says it quite plainly with: â€Å"We kissed. Then I leaned back to peruse My blighted child, this wary aristocratic mole.† The words used here are â€Å"blighted† which means something that stops growth and withers hopes and ambitions. So she is saying that her child has failed in her mother’s hopes and ambitions for her. â€Å"This wary aristocratic mole† is the mother saying that the daughter is an untrusting mammal of nobility, as moles have dark silvery fur and her daughter is dressed in head to toe in gray. Noble meaning she is better than this. In the fifth stanza we come to where the mother speaks quite plainly about what her daughter has become. â€Å"How’s...

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - Essay Example Agranulocytosis is hard to detect and is only visible once the symptoms of the infection start to appear. The symptoms include: mucosal ulcers, sore throat and rising temperatures. Nurses should be aware of these signs and should stop administering of Clozapine at the onset of these symptoms. (Keogh & Doyle 2008) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is another side effect of psychopharmacology. It is ‘an idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications’ that may be life threatening (Keogh & Doyle 2008). Though it may occur from using any neuroleptic medication, the main culprit is haloperidol. Many clients start developing symptoms of NMS within a two week time frame. The symptoms include: muscular/lead pipe rigidity, changed autonomic functions like blood pressure, increase in white blood cell count, hyperthermia, tremor and change in the mental status of patients. The nurses should be aware of these signs and immediately stop the medication. Intervention of NMS include: use of dopamine to relax muscles, electroconvulsive therapy to reduce NMS and antipyretics like paracetamol to relax the fever. (Keogh & Doyle 2008) Special nursing care is also very important for NMS patients aside from the interventions named above. NMS patients are to be closely monitored to evaluate their mental and physical states, so that in case of a symptom breakout, early intervention is done at the initial stages of the attack. There should be routine checkups and documentations and all forms of anomalies should also be recorded and reported to relevant medical practitioners. Serotonin syndrome is also a side effect. It is a life threatening reaction to excess serotonin, although it occurs rarely. This happens when serotonin is administered with other drugs that affect the serotonergic system, for instance the tricyclic medication. Symptoms include:

The relationship between geography and culture along the mississippi Essay

The relationship between geography and culture along the mississippi river - Essay Example The river’s drainage basin is great. It can cover a combination of England, Ireland, Wiles, Spain, Portugal, Scotland, France, Germany, Australia, Turkey and Italy. This entire region as wide as it is fertile and so is the Mississippi valley. The Mississippi River has impacted a lot in the way of life of those leaving along its environs. This paper will explore how the river and its geography has affected the cultures of those who live along its banks. The Mississippi river draws its waters from twenty eight states and territories. The water is drawn from Delaware in the Atlantic seaboard and from all states between Delaware and Idaho which found on the pacific slopes. From the Ohio junction to almost half way to the sea, the river’s width is viewed to be almost a mile. The width however diminishes above the mouth. At the junction of Ohio, the river’s depth eighty-seven feet and the depth increases to one hundred and twenty thousand years. Its spread is calculate d to be forty-five degrees longitude. It receives water from fifty four rivers which can be navigated using boats. It also receives from other hundreds of rivers which are navigated using keels and flats. The river grows narrower and deeper towards the mouth. The river has a remarkable difference in its rise and fall in the lower part of the river. The rise is uniform towards Natchez about fifty feet. At Bayou La Fourche it raises by twenty-four feet, fifteen at New Orleans and only two and half at the mouth. Reports have indicated that the river empties around six million tons of mud into Mexico gulf. The deposits of mud gradually extend to the land. The Mississippi river

Differences between formative and summative assessment (Just part form Assignment

Differences between formative and summative assessment (Just part form my so I dont Introducation or conclusion) - Assignment Example Summative assessments are generally obtained by giving tests but test data â€Å"cannot reflect the full range of goals of learning†. Jessup reported that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has discovered in 2005 that summative assessments improve attendance to instructions and promote retention of learning (2007, p. 7). Citing the study of Stiggins (2004, p. 2), Jessup also reported that summative assessments benefit low-performing students and the feature can help reduce the learning gaps among minorities and peoples. Formative assessments are used to â€Å"inform instructions by providing the students with vital insights and understanding of their own learning needs and styles† (Jessup 2005, p. 6). There are several objectives associated with formative assessments. One objective pertains to the need to assess the gains from using or availing a mode of instructions or education program (Jessup 2005, p. 6). Another possible objective for f ormative assessment is associated with the need to improve the â€Å"equity of student outcomes† (Jessup 2005, p. 7). Jessup observed that not only are the schools that have employed formative assessments experienced academic gains; students who were previously underachieving or lagging behind also experienced academic (2005, p. 7). II. ... The Wilmut material focused on summative assessment but covered formative assessment as well. Further, the Wilmust assessment covered the primary as well as the high school levels in the United Kingdom. Quoting Stobart (2003), Wilmut (2005, p. 47) said that the United Kingdom Assessment Reform Group adopted a definition of formative assessment as, â€Å"the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there.† Wilmut (2005, p. 47) pointed out that in the experience of the United Kingdom, there is a strain between formative and summative assessment because when a school-based teacher assessment is to be used for summative purposes, the student-teacher relationship is strained. Citing the work of Black and William, Wilmut (2005, p. 48) said that another UK experience is that the â€Å"tension† between summative and formative assessment arises when teachers become responsible for both summative and formative assessment. Wilmut said that there has been a debate in the United Kingdom on the wisdom of combining the two roles or covering the responsibilities for formative and summative assessment by teachers. According to Wilmut (2005, p. 48), those who assert that the roles pertaining to summative and formative assessments can both be done by the same person or teacher argue that â€Å"it can be done and indeed must be done to escape the dominance of external summative testing†. Nevertheless, the dominant view is that it is best to keep the roles of summative and formative evaluations apart although a good working relationship between

Ireland Social Housing History and Evolution

Ireland Social Housing History and Evolution I. List of tables and Figures Table 1 Number of Private Families in Occupation of Tenements of One-Room (1911-1936) Table 2 Characteristics of Tenure among Irish Households Table 3 List of The top 10 AHBs by size Table 4 Vacancy rate by type and region in 2011 Table 5 2015-2017 Residential units minimum requirement Table 6 Additional HAP and RAS Units (2015-2020) Figure 1 Provision of Local Authority Housing 2007-2014 Figure 2 Breakdown of Social Housing Support in Ireland (Number of Units) Figure 3 House completions II. Abbreviations RAS Rental Accommodation scheme HAP Housing Assistance Payment AHBs Approved Housing Bodies CAS Capital Assistance Scheme PAA Payment and Availability Agreement CALF The Capital Advanced Lending Facility NESDO National Economic Social Development office The development of the Irish housing system from the iconic period of the 1840s to the 1970s, when a new era of development began in Ireland, laid the foundations for the system today. (CHAPTER 2. 2011, p.54). This literature review outlines the evolution of social housing in Ireland from the beginning to the present day. It comprises of seven parts. Part 1 provides a brief history of tenements in Dublin; Slum clearance and Dublins corporation housing schemes; ownership. Part 2 examines the Social housing providers in Ireland. Part 3 Funding for social housing. Part 5 analyzes Social housing Supply and Demand; Part 6 is about Social Housing Need; Part 7 describes what the sources of social housing supply in Ireland are. 2.1 Tenement life. Slums The origin of tenements in Dublin may be tracked back as far as the sixteenth century when the population probably did not exceed sixty thousand.'(Kearns, K.C.2006) Â   Â   The vast majority of the Irish population lived in rural areas. Great famine and industrialization in urban areas had led to a growth in slum housing due to increased population, as well as poor sanitation and the spread of disease. (Chapter 2. 2011). Between 1841 and 1900 Irelands population declined but Dublins increased from 236,000 to 290,000. Dublins slums were the worst in all of Europe for nearly 150 years. Between 1900 and 1938 there were over six thousand tenement houses in Dublin occupied by over one hundred thousand tenement dwellers. Those people had occupied spacious Georgian houses abandoned by their original owners who left into newly-built suburbs. House prices dropped and went into the hands of landlords who tried to fit houses with as many residents as they could. Dwellings that had once been single-family homes were increasingly divided into multiple living spaces to accommodate this growing population. It was a logical solution for the citys lower classes who were simply seeking space to sleep in and shelter. (Kearns, K.C.2006). Tenement dwellings were overcrowded, some areas had 800 people to the acre. In one house lived as many as a hundred persons. Accordingly, in a single tiny room lived fifteen to twenty family members. (Kearns, Kevin C.2006).Table 1 demonstrates how many people lived in a one room tenements. (Census of Population. 1936). Despite the fact that Dublins overall density was 38.5 persons per acre the density statistics were astonishingly high as for example: Inns Quay 103, Rotunda 113, Mountjoy 127, and Wood Quay 138. Massive population was concentrated in close-knit communities around the Liberties, dockland and Northside. Table 1Source: Census of Population 1936 The living conditions were hellish. The buildings were not properly maintained and therefore were decayed, dangerous, and sometimes collapsed, killing occupants. The greatest deterioration and decay that buildings suffered was the second half of the nineteenth century. Those tenement districts were known as slumlands. (Kearns, K.C.2006). The slums along Church Street, Beresford Street, Cumberland Street, Railway Street, Gardiner Street, and Corporation Street and on Marys Lane were particularly appalling. The worst tenement slums around Liberties were on the Coombe and Francis Street, Cork Street, Chamber Street, and Kevin Street. (Kearns, K.C.2006, p.8). Maintenance and repair of the buildings was very expensive, so only the remaining wealthy Georgian house residents were able to do so because residents had no financial resources to keep buildings in a prime form. As a result over 60,000 people were in need of re-housing. There was a critical housing shortage. Dublins slums existed until 1940s. (Kearns, K.C.2006) 2.2 Slum clearance and Dublins corporation housing schemes The first nationwide system of welfare was formed on The Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838. Unfortunately system was not able to manage such huge levels of poverty and homelessness. (Meghen. 1955, p.44) In the end of 19th century there were a lot of various schemes, and legislation acts such as Public Health Act 1848, Artisans and Laborers Dwellings Act 1875, Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, etc.; Charitable trusts, Philanthropic trusts, Guinness Trust, Sutton Housing Trust and many others that had to provide affordable and good quality social housing and also housing for the working classes. (Chapter 2. 2011, p.21-25). Despite all efforts the housing shortages were growing and by the 1914 tenement housing situation was so desperate that a real solution was needed without delay. (Kearns, K.C.2006). First intentions to promote slum clearance was not successful due to high cost of slum sites and re-housing of households. (Chapter 2. 2011). Only with the creation of the 1913 Housing Bill and the 1932 Housing Act did attention focus on financing slum clearance schemes and the provision of local authority housing for the lower-income classes. For the first time local authorities were empowered to deal directly with the slum problem in a systematic way. Unfit properties could be officially condemned and acquired compulsorily to be renovated or demolished. (Kearns, K.C.2006, p.21). During the 1940s and 1950s the Corporation has set a target that was a part of slum clearance program, to build four and five-story blocks of flats across the city center. Also at the same time, new housing development projects have been implemented in Cabra, Ballyfermot, Crumlin, Glasnevin, Donnycarney and Marino. (Kearns, K.C.2006, p.21). According to the Kennys Report (1973) the Irish population had increased from 1,229,000 in 1961 to 1,556,000 in 1971. Migration and economic growth increased need for housing and White Paper (1969) estimated that 15-17,000 houses would be required by the mid-1970s annually. 2.3 Ownership In the nearly 20th century only 20% of all Irish population were the owners of their houses and the rest 90% have rented their accommodation. (Sirr L. 2014). Home ownership quelled agitation for three reasons: having improved living conditions removed a primary cause of protest and discontent; a regular income was needed in order to maintain the newly owned home in respectable manner, which implied the requirement to be in work; and home owners were less likely to strike or protest due to fact that they now had something to lose-their homes. (Sirr L. 2014. p3). There was a various sales and taxation schemes that encouraged and facilitated Home ownership. (Sirr L. 2014). Over the number of years Ireland become as a nation of home owners. (Goodbody. 2015, p.15). However there are new generation of renters, not forced, but wanting to rent for personal and professional reasons, and the private rented sector is now replete with people who choose to rent, not because they couldnt get a mortgage but because they do not want to own a property. (Sirr L. 2014. p6). The table 2 below shows the number of renters increased during decade. Goodbody states that in 2011, there were 29% of households rent, with 18.5% of those in the private sector. (2015) Table 2Source: Goodbody 2015 More people are now renting, while people on lowest incomes are squeezed out of the relatively small rental market and are at greater risk of homelessness. (Irish Times, 8 Oct, 2015) In 2011 the National Economic and Social Council stated that the main future providers of new social housing will be the housing associations. (2014). There are three main providers of social housing accommodation in Ireland: Local authorities are the largest providers of social housing that dominate for nearly 120 years and controlled approximately 137,000 dwellings in 2014. The provision of social housing units by local authorities which is evident from Figure 1. Figure 1Source: Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government Approved Housing Bodies (AHBs). There are some 500 in Ireland that manage approximately 27,000 homes. Until 2011 AHBs were 100% funded by government under Capital Assistance Scheme (CAS). The top 10 are listed by size in the table 3 below. Table 3Source: Housing Agency, 2014 Private rental sector provides accommodation for 74,000 households supported by Rent Supplement. (Environment, Community and Local Government. 2014). The breakdown of housing support in Ireland is demonstrated in a Figure 2. Figure 2Source: The Social Housing Strategy 2020 According to Social housing newsletter published in 2012 there are the main grant funding schemes in Ireland: Local authority acquisition/construction program. By this programme local authorities buy or construct new housing units. Government provides 100% capital grant. Capital Assistance Scheme (CAS). Operates since 1984. Funding up to 100%. Scheme is for AHBs that provide housing for people with specific needs i.e. elderly, homeless people, and people with disabilities. Payment and Availability Agreement (PAA). This programme is designed to assist Approved Housing Bodies that make their properties available for use as social housing for around 30 years. Capital Advance Leasing Facility (CALF) Provides a long-term government loan for a 25 year period with a simple fixed interest rate of 2% per annum. Established in 2011. The Housing Finance Agency Provides loan to local authorities and AHBs social housing and other housing-related purposes. Established in 1982. Commercial lenders. Some interest in lending to the sector with a maximum duration of 7-10 years have shown Bank of Ireland, Allied Irish Bank and Ulster Bank. (Fund Structuring Services Final Report, 2014) The Social Housing Leasing Initiative Launched in 2009. Properties are leased from private property owners. The purpose is to provide accommodation to those on social housing waiting lists. The Capital Advanced Lending Facility (CALF). This is along-term government loan, when 30 per cent of the total funding required is covered by government, and balance is covered from a financial institution. Introduced in 2011 and is for term of between 10 and 30 years. 5.1 Demand Demand for housing will continue to increase. According to new figures from the Housing Agency homes that were built in Dublin last year only met half of the demand. Irelands population increased by 30% in the last 20 years. At the moment approximately 4.6 million people live in a country. It is the highest population for 150 years. An increasing population and a declining household size will both increase demand for housing units. (2015). National Economic Social Development office (NESDO) defines the factors that stimulate housing demand: Economic growth; Demographic developments; Patterns of income distribution; The level and distribution of wealth; The cost and availability of finance; Fiscal policy; The level of housing stock. According to Goodbodys research, to meet demand the housing supply needs to increase. (2015) 5.2 Supply The Irish housing market experienced an oversupply due to an overbuilding in the 2000s boom years. As a result 11.5% of the housing stock was vacant in 2011. But at the same time there was significant supply shortages in Dublin standing at 5%. (Goodbody. 2015). Table 4 demonstrates vacancy rate by type and region in 2011. Table 4Source: Goodbody 2015 In recent years demand for social housing has been rising due to increased population. Table 5 below outlines that almost 21,000 additional residential units are required to be supplied each year over the next three years to meet demand. Table 5Source: Housing Agency. Outlook for 2015-17 Factors that may affect the slow supply: Construction sector capacity; The scale of price declines; Funding; Planning; Building regulations; There are now 100,000 people on the social housing waiting list. Government announced recently that it will supply 35,000 additional housing units over the next six years as part of its Social Housing Strategy. In 2014 Irish housing completions grew by 33% to 11,000 units (Goodbody. 2015) as the figure 3 shows below: Figure 3Source: Goodbody 2015 The Irish housing market has changed radically in recent years and the existing framework underpinning the supply and funding of social housing supports is no longer adequate to address housing need.'(Coffey, 2004). The Environment, Community and Local Government (2014) excludes six main groups in the Housing Needs Assessment: Renting with Rent Supplement (47%) Renting without Rent Supplement (26%) Living with Parents (18%) Emergency Accommodation for Homeless People (2%) People with Disability (4%) It is estimated that c.40% of households in the private rental sector are in receipt of some form of government support. (Goodbody. 2015, p.16). 7.1 Sources of social housing supply in Ireland: Rent Supplement was started in 1970s as a short-term housing or welfare support. (Sirr L. 2014, p.79). It has played a central role in the expansion of the private rented sectorp31 and has become increasingly important for low-income tenants. (Sirr L. 2014, p.31). Rent Supplement is paid to people who are jobless and whose main income comes from social welfare payments. In other words it is payable for those who cannot provide accommodation from their own resources. People who are in full-time employment cannot claim Rent Supplement. (Sirr L. 2014, p.80) Rental Accommodation Scheme (RAS) was established in 2004 for those who were getting Rent Supplement for long time (eighteen months or longer). If Social housing was not available, they were accommodated in a private rented dwellings which were leased by local government for four to ten years. (Sirr L. 2014p31). Contracts were drawn up between Local authorities and Landlords to provide housing for people with a long-term housing need. Rent is between 88 and 92 per cent of the market rent and is paid directly to the landlord. (Citizens information, 2012). Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) is a new social housing support that replaced Rent Supplement introduced in 2014. Rent is directly paid to the Landlord by Local authority. (Citizens information, 2015). Table 6 outlines the number of households that are expected to be accommodated directly under HAP and RAS during 2015-2020. Table 6Source: Environment, Community and Local Government (2014) Social Housing Strategy 2020 Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government Alan Kelly said that Working together, and through combining public, voluntary and private investment, we can provide our growing population with the required level of quality, affordable homes. (2014) The strategy responds robustly to that challenge by providing a roadmap that will accommodate 90,000 households, the entire Housing Waiting List, by 2020. (Coffey, 2004). It has a new vision to provide an access to secure, good quality and affordable housing every household in Ireland. Over a period of six years should be provided 35,000 new social housing units, also 75,000 households should be supported through the private rental sector. (Environment, Community and Local Government. The Social Housing Strategy 2020: Support, Supply and Report. 2014). Environment, Community and Local Government states that their plans should be delivered during two phases: Phase 1, building on Budget 2015, sets a target of 18,000 additional housing units and 32,000 HAP/RAS units by end 2017. Phase 2 sets a target of 17,000 additional housing units and 43,000 HAP/RAS units by end 2020.'(2014). Census of Population, (1936), [Online]. Available: http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1936results/volume1/C,1936,Vol,1.pdf [Accessed 6th October 2015]. Chapter 2, (2011) Outline of the Development of the Irish Housing System [Online]. Available: http://www.nuigalway.ie/media/housinglawrightsandpolicy/Chapter-2-Outline-of-the-Development-of-the-Irish-Housing-System-Housing-Law,-Rights-and-Policy.pdf [Accessed 6th October 2015]. Citizens information (2012) Rental Accommodation Scheme [Online]. Available: http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/housing/local_authority_and_social_housing/rental_accommodation_scheme.html [Accessed 7th October 2015]. Coffey, P TD Minister of State Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (2014). In Environment, Community and Local Government. The Social Housing Strategy 2020: Support, Supply and Report. [Online]. Available: http://www.environ.ie/en/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,39622,en.pdf [Accessed 30th September]. Environment, Community and Local Government (2014). The Social Housing Strategy 2020: Support, Supply and Report. [Online]. Available: http://www.environ.ie/en/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,39622,en.pdf [Accessed 30th September]. European Investment Bank (2014) Final Report for the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform: Social Housing and Energy Efficiency in Ireland. Fund Structuring Services. [Online] Available: http://per.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/EIB-Report-on-Financial-Instruments-and-Social-Housing.pdf.[Accessed 3rd October 2015]. Goodbody (2015) Irish Housing Market: A detailed analysis. [Online] Available: http://www.finfacts.ie/biz10/Irish%20Housing%E2%80%93Goodbody_via_Finfacts.pdf [Accessed 28 September 2015]. Housing Agency (2015) National Statement of Housing Supply and Demand 2014 and Outlook for 2015-17. Housing Agency, Dublin. Kearns, K. C. (2006) Dublin Tenement Life: An Oral History of the Dublin Slums. Gill Macmillan Ltd. Kelly. A TD Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government (2014). In Environment, Community and Local Government. The Social Housing Strategy 2020: Support, Supply and Report. [Online]. Available: http://www.environ.ie/en/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,39622,en.pdf [Accessed 30th September]. Kenny J. 1973 Committee on the Price of Building, Dublin Lorcan, S (2014) Renting in Ireland: The Social, Voluntary and Private Sectors Meghen, P.G (2011) Building the Workhouses, In Chapter 2, Outline of the Development of the Irish Housing System[Online]. Available: http://www.nuigalway.ie/media/housinglawrightsandpolicy/Chapter-2-Outline-of-the-Development-of-the-Irish-Housing-System-Housing-Law,-Rights-and-Policy.pdf [Accessed 5th October 2015]. National Economic Social Development office, Housing in Ireland: Performance and Policy Background Analysis. The demand for housing in Ireland. [Online] Available: http://files.nesc.ie/nesc_background_papers/NESC_112_bg_3.pdf. [Accessed 5th October 2015]. Norris, M. (2014) Policy drivers of the retreat and revival of private renting: Regulation, finance, taxes and subsidies. In Lorcan, S. Renting in Ireland: The Social, Voluntary and Private Sectors OConnor, N (2015) Housing crisis: Ireland needs five to 10 new Ballymun as soon as possible. Irish Times, 8th October Redmond. D (2014) The private rented sector and rent supplement: The emergence and development of social housing. In Lorcan. S. Renting in Ireland:The Social, Voluntary and Private Sectors The Irish Council for Social Housing (2012) Social Housing Newsletter: Budget 2012 Report. Impact on Social Housing [online] Available: http://www.icsh.ie/sites/default/files/attach/publication/385/socialhousing-winter2011.pdf [Accessed 1st October 2015] White Paper (2011) Housing Progress and Prospects. In Chapter 2 Outline of the Development of the Irish Housing System [Online]. Available: http://www.nuigalway.ie/media/housinglawrightsandpolicy/Chapter-2-Outline-of-the-Development-of-the-Irish-Housing-System-Housing-Law,-Rights-and-Policy.pdf [Accessed 6th October 2015].

Planet Of The Apes Satire Essay -- essays research papers

The setting of the movie compared to the setting in the book makes Planet of the Apes one of the greatest satires. In the movie, the setting takes place on earth in the future where apes deny and are afraid of the past, whereas the setting in the book is on a different planet where apes are civilized and technologically advanced, and the humans were primitive creatures. The orangutans in the movie prevent what happened to the humans from happening to the apes. Orangutans, such as Zaius went to great work as destroying the cave where the evidence of the humans reigned is revealed and removing Landen’s memory. In the book civilization of humans on Earth is equal to and may even surpass the civilization of the apes on Sorror. The point of view in the book is through Ulysees’ mind. He is clam and patient. Taylor in the movie is an impatient angry man who is never satisfied and is outraged by the fact that apes are running the planet and have locked him up. In the movie Tayl or is a misanthrope who is hot-tempered and not respectful to the apes. He calls them "Bloody Baboons!" Taylor left Earth to find a better place and ended up where he started. In the book, Ulysee is kind and respectful towards the apes, and he was granted citizenship to their civilization and begins to assign apes human features. Ulysee was granted citizenship because of the speech he made before them. He gave that speech with respect and loyalty towards the apes for acceptance. The tones in the boo... Planet Of The Apes Satire Essay -- essays research papers The setting of the movie compared to the setting in the book makes Planet of the Apes one of the greatest satires. In the movie, the setting takes place on earth in the future where apes deny and are afraid of the past, whereas the setting in the book is on a different planet where apes are civilized and technologically advanced, and the humans were primitive creatures. The orangutans in the movie prevent what happened to the humans from happening to the apes. Orangutans, such as Zaius went to great work as destroying the cave where the evidence of the humans reigned is revealed and removing Landen’s memory. In the book civilization of humans on Earth is equal to and may even surpass the civilization of the apes on Sorror. The point of view in the book is through Ulysees’ mind. He is clam and patient. Taylor in the movie is an impatient angry man who is never satisfied and is outraged by the fact that apes are running the planet and have locked him up. In the movie Tayl or is a misanthrope who is hot-tempered and not respectful to the apes. He calls them "Bloody Baboons!" Taylor left Earth to find a better place and ended up where he started. In the book, Ulysee is kind and respectful towards the apes, and he was granted citizenship to their civilization and begins to assign apes human features. Ulysee was granted citizenship because of the speech he made before them. He gave that speech with respect and loyalty towards the apes for acceptance. The tones in the boo...

Abraham Lincoln: Sectional President as Preserver of the Union Essay

Before Lincoln became president, there was already much sectional tension between the North and the South, mostly over slavery. While slavery was illegal in most Northern states, it was still the basis of the South’s economy. The main issue was over slavery in the new territories gained through compromises and the Mexican war. At first, the Missouri Compromise temporarily solved the problem, by making it so that in every territory slavery would be illegal, and in return the North would enforce a stricter slave fugitive law. However, this was overthrown by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, ruining the temporary peace. These acts made it so that slavery in the areas would be decided by popular sovereignty, which meant that the people living there voted on it. The North was outraged and began to fight for abolition. When the South’s candidate John Bell lost to Lincoln, several states seceded, because he threatened their slavery-based economy. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay By the time Buchanan’s term ended and Lincoln took office, there were already seven states that had seceded. Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War led to Union victory. First, he ensured that the Border States, the states that were still on the edge, joined the Union by proclaiming that it was not a war to end slavery, but a war to save the Union. If he would not have gained these states, it is very likely that the Confederacy could have won the war. He also proclaimed war in such a way that he would gain support, not lose it. He sent supplies to Fort Sumter, only to provide for them, not to reinforce them. However, South Carolina troops attacked the fort, allowing Lincoln to declare war on the South and gained support from troops to regain control of military forts. Lincoln also extended his powers, because of the Supreme Court case which ruled that the president had more power during a time of war. He created the draft, forcing much needed soldiers into drafting. He also used that to declare the Emancipation Proclamation, in which he set all Southern slaves free. This was justified by the fact that the South viewed slaves as property and the government had the right to take away property during times of war. Lincoln’s careful leadership and planning led to victory of the Civil War and preserved the Union. Lincoln’s leadership was also vital after the Civil War. He passed the Homestead Act, which gave settlers land in the West. This was one of the most important acts in American history, because it boosted the economy as an influx of people moved to the west. This also led to industrialization, as new railroads and factories arose in the west. He also encouraged industrialization through his protective tariff. During the war he placed a higher protective tariff, which boosted the North’s economy. He supported internal improvements, such as the building of railroads and new technology. Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan would have helped the South. He allowed for easy re-admittance into the Union. All they had to do was receive sworn statements from ten percent of the population, promising to follow new laws against slavery. If he would not have been assassinated, Lincoln would have helped the South a great deal, so his death was actually bad for them. Lincoln was one of the best presidents in American history. His unique qualities of honesty, fairness, and empathy allowed him to lead the country during a time of crisis. His actions during the Civil War saved the Union from completely dividing. He also ensured that slavery was completely abolished through the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments.

Brown Girl Broownstone by Paule Marshall Essay

Paule Marshall writes about the social issues, the aspects and standards of lack persons living in America. Novels written in 1959 and it explores the black immigrants search for identity in American society. The novel wrote against the stereotypes of the black race and it was a milestone for African-American Fiction. Race and gender are discussed simultaneously as she speaks out against racism and presents her female character as being different form the stereotype The novel centres on Selina who suffers a traumatic childhood through to womanhood and has her psyche damaged by comparing herself to the white ideology of what makes a teenage girl beautiful. She feels inadequate because she does not math up to the definition of white elegance She also faces an internal struggle due to the fact that both her parents have differing ideologies. The title ‘Brownstones’ refers to the milieu in which the central characters live. The novel begins in 1939 and it opens with the last white residence leaving the brownstones and selling/renting to the Barbadian community . The house, the acquiring of such and the attitude towards the house defined the characters. The house therefore becomes a central symbol in the novel. The title of the novel signal the life of Selina the brown juxtaposes the girl is synonymous to the racial and gender issues at work in the novel. Placing the brownstones next to the girl browngirl emphasises the importance of personal development and individuality. The marshalls description of the brownstones is very telling and suggested â€Å"under the thick ivy each house had something distinctively its own these brownstones appear as if they were one house even though individuality is there.† But the novel also suggests that theses brownstones all share the same tragic fate. They are all draped in ivy as though mourning† The novel is divided into four books. Book 1 entitled A Long Day and A long Night; it sets up the basic tension between n Selina’s parents Silla and Deighton (dispute over land). The second book is titled Pastoral, Selina who is on the verge of adolescence. Selina who goes to Beryl to find a sense of freedom †¦here we find †¦. The third book title war corresponds with the world war 2 but is also significant as a symbol of the Barbadian community’s war against racism as well as the conflict between Silla and Deighton The last book title Selina concludes the novel, rev eals the attempts to come to terms with her father as well as a discovery of her true self. The final aspects of her growth are detailed in this section. It  is through the relationship with Clive that Selina realizes the numerous similarities between herself and her mother. In the novel the protagonists realizes that the mother is a fellow victim of racism rather than her enemy. Major themes in Brown Girl Broownstone 1. The Search for Identity 2. The racial issues and relationships 3. Femininity and Gender 4. The Effects of Migration/ Capitalism on the individual 5. The Relationship between the private and the Public, the Personal and the Communal, the Individual vs the Community 6. The Impact of the Environment/ Personal Setting on Personal Development 7. Sexual Awareness and Exploration 8. Nostalgia and the West Indian Condition 9. Male/ Female Relationships and Family Structural and Technical Devices Used by the Writer 1. Form- Bildungsroman, it is written predominantly in 3rd pov. , divided into four books, the use of quotations from the Barbadian community as preludes 2. Symbolism- The title brownstone houses, Deighton’s land, Barbados, the presence and absence of light is symbolic of awareness, knowledge and maturity 3. Some characters who are symbols are Suggie, Miss Thompson, Miss Mary, Beryl, the Homeowners Association 4. Structural Elements- use of West Indian Vernacular (used to show a sense of identity with their West Indian counterparts) 5. Characterization (in this novel characters are developed through relationships with other characters along with the setting and the author’s description ) 6. Plot Structure (the plot is linear and chronological allowing for the adequate development of Selina 7. Setting – New York vs. Barbados and the tension of place

Employment and Exit Interview Essay

Employment and Exit Interview Essay Employment and Exit Interview Essay Sarah Edmund Article 1 March 26, 2013 William Stewart/BADM 332 1. Author: Lauren Weber 2. The One Question to Ask in an Exit Interview /The Wall Street Journal Online/ 3 pages 3. How to prevent employee turnover. 4. Some HR employees don’t always ask the right questions to keep their employers from leaving or to prevent turnover with the next person who takes the position. This article gives you some ideas of the right questions to ask. 5. When working in an HR position and conducting and exit interview, there are certain questions you should ask when trying to gain information to better your company. Also you should ensure the employer that all of their information is confidential so they will be more willing to provide information that could help in the future. 6. I would definitely recommend this article to an HR professional. Maybe they aren’t asking the right questions and this could help them out. 7. I do not believe there is any faulty reasoning in this article. 8. Chapter 10 in our textbook is titled, â€Å"Employee Separation and Retention†. In this chapter it discusses why people leave their jobs and things you can do as an HR employee to try to change to turnover rate. Chapter 10 explains the different types of withdrawal; physical, psychological, and behavior change. It also explains what you need to say to employees when you have a feeling they may be thinking about leaving their job. In this chapter you also learn why spending so much money on training and development could be bad and good for the company. 9. Many companies do not consider doing exit reviews. Some professionals see them as a waste of time or feel that it will have no effect for the employee who will be take over the position. If HR employees knew the correct question to ask, they may see the benefit of an exit interview. With the right questions you could prevent future turnover rates of your company. When most HR employees conduct their exit interview their main question is, â€Å"Why are you leaving?† Although this could be useful, most employees already have one foot out the door and aren’t going to answer truthfully for fear of receiving negative reference comments. The first question that should be asked is, â€Å"What made you start looking for another

Blog Week VIII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog Week VIII - Essay Example The activities which involve work on home-made handcrafts or vehicle mechanicals may expose the family members to the hazards. The effect of occupational toxicant can be transferred by breathing in the air exhaled by an affected person. If a worker inhales the toxic air due to the chemicals used at the workplace, it could be dangerous to the family members of the worker. This poses a danger to the members of the family as some of the occupational toxicant effects are easily transferred through breathing. Once the chemical substances are inhaled, if not exhaled, are deposited in the respiratory tract. If they deposited in the respiratory tract, they can damage the tissues of the tract and even diffuse in the body. This in turn causes health hazards that can easily result to death of an individual (Lincoln, 2002). The ill effects also can be transferred to other individuals by a worker. This is possible through ingestion. If the worker handles food without properly cleaning hands, the food is eaten and if the toxic substances in the food are soluble, a condition that is generally the case, it is fully absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract lining. They are transported along with blood to other parts of the body and they end up causing damage to the body (Lincoln,

Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion Research Paper

Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion - Research Paper Example After the accident, the above-ground storage policy was questioned and utility companies began to store natural gas below the ground to improve their safety rather than in tanks. The disaster was a valuable lesson that underlined the importance of ensuring optimum pressure in gas storage tanks and ensuring that leaks can be detected. This report recommends using tanks that store gas within them at a lower pressure and this would be invaluable even for transporting gas through pipelines to its various locations, because maintaining the pressure at a reasonable low would help to avoid the accidents that could result from leaks and over -pressurized pipelines. On the 20th of October 1944, a natural gas storage tank above the ground which was full of liquefied natural gas exploded (www.ohiohistorycentral.org). Although investigators into the disaster were unable to discover the causes for the explosion, it is widely believed that a leak developed in the seam of the side of the tank that dipped down into the city sewers. Vapour began to escape from this seam, mixing with air and sewer gas, which in turn produced explosions (www.waymarking.com). Since the tank was located near a lake, winds blowing from the lake pushed the gas towards the town where it slipped into the sewer lines through the catch basins that were located in the street gutters. The gas travelled rapidly through the underground pipes linking the sewer lines causing explosions that were so violent that they lifted manhole covers and sent them flying away. This was not however, the end of the disaster. The fire department was called out and tackled the explosions and fires, but even as they were working and the explosions were believed to have been contained, another above ground tank exploded, causing more fires, so that entire homes suddenly caught fire and burnt out with the

Boxing culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Boxing culture - Research Paper Example Boxing goes as far back as the second and third millennium BC. Archaeologists have found drawings and tablets that suggest that fist fighting was something that begun a long time ago, it may not have been as sophisticated as it is right now, and usually they would result in dangerous and deadly battles. Homer’s Iliad gives a good depiction of a possibly early era boxing fight. He writes it in the Mycenaean era and sometimes they would beat each other with fists until one of them died. (Fleischer) The very first ever boxing match was documented in 1681 and it took place in Britain. This happened when the Duke of Albemarle initiated a fight between his own butler and butcher and offered a prize to the winner. After a few years, boxing began to grow. All over England, matches were held. Years later, a match resulted to an opponent being killed, and this prompted a man known as Jack Boughton to develop the very first set of rules and had them published in 1743. There were twelve p rominent rules and this was when wearing of gloves was first brought in. This is where the knockout rule came about that stated that if a man was down and couldn’t continue for thirty seconds, then the fight was over. Broughton’s rules had the welfare of the players in mind. Because of his contribution, he is considered â€Å"the Father of Boxing†. The point where boxing really began to revolutionize was in 1865 when John Sholto Douglass, the Eighth Marquess of Queensberry wrote new boxing rules that basically transformed the sport to what it is today. In these new rules, he introduced the time of three minutes per round. He also made the wearing of gloves mandatory and prohibited wrestling during the match. These rules really kicked in when James Corbett defeated John Sullivan with the new established rules. He was the first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry rules. It was in the early 19th century that boxing was first included in the St. Louis O lympic Games. Beginning with that, many talented fighters all over the world began flocking and they would fight for titles. This went on, really well into the 21st century. In 1927, the National Boxing Association (NBA) was formed. This was the very first authorization body to oversee the sport. The main goal of the NBA was to get talented boxers together to fight, to make sure there were no ethical problems, and to make the sport even more popular than it was at the time. Today, there are three governing bodies over boxing. They are the World Boxing Council (WBC), International Boxing Federation (IBF), and the World Boxing Association (WBA). (Fox) Today, the Marquis of Queensberry rules are still being used. Some of the rules include that there should be up to three judges at ringside to score the game. Each boxer is also assigned a ring corner where he will take breaks, and enter in at. Another general rule of boxing is that hitting below the belt, biting, pushing or any of the l ike is prohibited. To avoid this, the boxer should have his shorts pulled up so as to not hit the genitals. A boxer cannot hold the ropes for support while he is punching or drop anywhere below the waist of the opponent while punching.

Jails and Prisons History and Development Essay Example for Free

Jails and Prisons History and Development Essay Jails and prisons lay at the heart of the Criminal Justice System. These facilities helped forge the concept of rehabilitation. These institutions have changed over time and now reflect the modern methods of housing convicted individuals who need to be reformed or punished. Description of jails The clear concise difference between a jail and a prison is the time limit a convicted person is sentenced to and what offenses were committed. In a jail, prisoners are usually confined because they were convicted of a lesser or petty offense. Examples of petty offenses are driving without a license or a misdemeanor drug possession charge. Most of these offenses come with a sentence of a year or less and anyone with over a year sentence is usually sent to a prison facility (Seiter, 2011). Jails act as holding facilities where inmates rarely get time to be out of their cells, to reflect, or to engage in recreational time. Because jails are so short term the focus is on inward reflection of crime through solitude. Some of these restrictions are a product themselves of the lesser amount of time spent in the correctional facilities. Criminals are charged more in a jail facility with reflecting on their crime by being exposed to sheer solitude. Furthermore, jails rarely have any vocational or rehabilitation programs utilized within their walls. On the other hand, prisons have an ample amount of time to work with, rehabilitate, and reform offenders. Prisons do this with the hope that offenders can eventually be placed back into society and limit their recidivism back to crime. History of state and federal prisons The jail component of the American corrections system came well before the initiation of any prisons, probation, parole, or even halfway houses. The historical origins of jails or local corrections facilities in America come from England. American jails have developed and progressed so much further than that of its roots. Jails served a different purpose in England. Throughout the progression to the modern age, past mentality was altered from a place of confinement before harsh punishment could be administered to a place that rehabilitation and reflection could occur. The historical developments of jails and prisons overtime have gone from detention for purpose of public humiliation or deterrence, to an â€Å"out of sight out of mind† mentality, which segregated convicted individuals from the rest of society. State prisons have their roots in the penitentiary reform ideals of the Age of Enlightenment. The Three Prisons Act is the first law that authorized the establishment of federal prisons. This act was an important milestone for U.S. prison reform. This most important fact is that this act laid the foundation for the federal prison system to be created. Prior to the act being passed there were few penal facilities in the United States. Before this time period and the passing of this act only one facility, the Walnut Street Jail located in Philadelphia, stood the possibility of housing a large capacity of inmates charged with federal crimes. The role of a jail is a diverse one and conducts a very difficult mission. Few offenders skip the step of passing through a jail as they enter the correctional system. Jails hold a variety of offenders: including those arrested; those detained pending trial; those sentenced to short terms of confinement for minor crimes; those awaiting transfer to another facility; and those who are held administratively for a criminal justice agency. Some jail systems are larger than all but a few state prison systems while others are extremely small and have only four or five beds. Jails face unique issues such as dealing with unknown offenders, detoxification and medical problems, and serving the court with security and prisoner transportation. Jails are operated by local authorities and primarily hold pretrial detainees. Other jail inmates are serving time for misdemeanors, while others are held for a variety of reasons. Comparison of security levels The jail-prison distinction, however, is a very simplified label to attach to a very diverse set of facilities. There are in fact a myriad of confinement facilities meant to house criminals of all levels of seriousness. These facilities are broken up by government boundaries of local, state, and federal confinement facilities. The time needing to be served and the severity of the crime determine which of the facilities a convicted person might be sent. Prisons range starting from the most basic minimum security that houses the offenders that are less violent and are often for more administrative type offenses like white collar offenders or drug related crimes where no one else was affected or harmed. These types of prisons are considered more like camps, because they have a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. These institutions are work-and program-oriented and many are located adjacent to larger institutions or on military bases, where inmates help serve the labor needs of the larger institution or base. The next step above the minimum security is low security institutions which have double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and strong work and program components. The staff-to-inmate ratio is increased compared to the previous stage. Medium security prisons are the next level up. They are stronger facilities with hardened perimeters that have double chain link fences and an electronic monitoring system surrounding the facility and its corridors. Confinement in the medium-security prisons is cell type but treatment programs are available to convicts to help propel them forward in their reformation. Here the ratio is reversed and the staff greatly outnumbers the inmates. The strictest of prison facilities is the high or maximum security institution. Within its walls are some of the most severe criminals who have committed some of the most heinous acts. This final type of institution is comprised of reinforced fences and walls. Prisoners are contained in solitary cells and their movements are controlled and monitored extremely closely. Because of the severity of the crimes committed by the convicted individuals that are incarcerated in these maximum security facilities, there is an extremely high ratio of staff to inmates (Prison Types General Information, 2012). For prisons to be safe and secure there must be sufficient physical security, consistent implementation of security practices, established methods to control inmate behavior, and adequate preparation to reduce the likelihood or to respond to inmate unrest. For prison staff to provide effective rehabilitative services there must be an assessment of the needs and best practices of a programs focusing on substance abuse, mental health, religious services, education recreation, rehabilitation, and work opportunities. Fully understanding the importance of these programs and implementing them effectively is crucial for prisons to accomplish their dual mission of confinement and rehabilitation. Factors that influence growth The United States currently incarcerates more people of its citizens per capita than any other country in the world. If you count the amount of prisoners which currently reside in the U.S. prison system, it is approximately two million. This would mean that one out of every hundred and fifty residents are incarcerated in a U.S. prison of jail at any given time. Some of the factors that have led to the explosion of the prison population are poverty driven crime and the increased regulation of human and social behaviors (Ruddel, 2011). In the 21st century, we are still contemplating the dilemmas of overcrowding and the best way to correct criminal’s behaviors. The world needs to constantly evolve its correctional systems to meet the concerns of its society and effectively reform criminal behavior to create less of a strain on law abiding citizens. Jails and Prisons are a tremendous and vital piece to the Criminal Justice process. These facilities have been a part of the correctional system for over 200 years. It stands to reason that while the system will change based on new technologies and ideas, the principals of reform and correction will always hold true (U.S. Prison Populations-Trends and Implications, 2012). Conclusion It is hoped that justice will prevail through the rehabilitation and reform of convicted individuals, and our prison system is the best way of correcting the factors that may influence a person to commit such offenses. Incarcerated individuals today should feel fortunate that the times and ideals of prison life have changed and criminals are classified and housed based on the type and severity of the crime, rather than one large melting pot of criminals. Crime will never be completely eradicated therefore the necessity for facilities to incarcerate offenders will perpetually be needed. Free will is one of the greatest inherent rights human kind has but this right makes some people commit crimes and others remain compliant with the rules and regulations of society. The fact that we have free will conclude that criminal behavior will not ever truly disappear and every attempt should be made to inform/reform and rehabilitate offenders, making them act in an appropriate manner that is so cially acceptable. References: Prison Types General Information. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp Ruddel, R. (2011). American Jails: A Retrospective Examination. U.S. Prison populations-trends and implications. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/1044.pdf Mackenzie, D. L. (2001). Sentencing and Corrections in the 21st Century:Setting the Stage for the Future. College Park, Maryland: Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Seiter, R. (2011). Corrections an Introduction (3rd ed.). Upper saddle Hall, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Consumer Buying Behaviour Analysis

Consumer Buying Behaviour Analysis CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Consumer is the king and it is the consumer determines what a business is, therefore a sound marketing programme start with a careful analysis of the habits, attitudes, motives and needs of consumers. In particular a marketer should find answer to the following questions: What are the products they buy? Why they buy them? How they buy them? When they buy them ? Where they buy them? How often they buy them? A buyer makes a purchase of a particular product or a particular brand and this can be termed â€Å" product buying motives† and the reason behind the purchase from a particular seller is â€Å" patronage motives† When a person gets his pay packet, and if he is educated ,sits down along with his wife and prepares a family budget, by appropriating the amount to different needs. It may happen that after a trip to the market, they might have purchased some items, which are not in the budget, and thus there arises a deviation from the budgeted items and expenditure. all the behaviour of human beings during the purchase may be termed as â€Å"buyer behaviour†. HOW CONSUMER BUY 1. Need/Want/Desire is Recognized In the first step the consumer has determined that for some reason he/she is not satisfied (i.e., consumers perceived actual condition) and wants to improve his/her situation (i.e., consumers perceived desired condition). For instance, internal triggers, such as hunger or thirst, may tell the consumer that food or drink is needed. External factors can also trigger consumers needs. Marketers are particularly good at this through advertising, in-store displays and even the intentional use of scent (e.g., perfume counters). 2. Search for Information Assuming consumers are motivated to satisfy his or her need, they will next undertake a search for information on possible solutions. The sources used to acquire this information may be as simple as remembering information from past experience (i.e., memory) or the consumer may expend considerable effort to locate information from outside sources (e.g., Internet search, talk with others, etc.). How much effort the consumer directs toward searching depends on such factors as: the importance of satisfying the need, familiarity with available solutions, and the amount of time available to search. 3. Evaluate Options Consumers search efforts may result in a set of options from which a choice can be made. It should be noted that there may be two levels to this stage. At level one the consumer may create a set of possible solutions to their needs (i.e., product types) while at level two the consumer may be evaluating particular products (i.e., brands) within each solution. For example, a consumer who needs to replace a television has multiple solutions to choose from such as plasma, LCD and CRT television. 4. Purchase In many cases the solution chosen by the consumer is the same as the product whose evaluation is the highest. However, this may change when it is actually time to make the purchase. The â€Å"intended† purchase may be altered at the time of purchase for many reasons such as: the product is out-of-stock, a competitor offers an incentive at the point-of-purchase (e.g., store salesperson mentions a competitors offer), the customer lacks the necessary funds (e.g., credit card not working), or members of the consumers reference group take a negative view of the purchase (e.g., friend is critical of purchase). 5. After-Purchase Evaluation Once the consumer has made the purchase they are faced with an evaluation of the decision. If the product performs below the consumers expectation then he/she will re-evaluate satisfaction with the decision, which at its extreme may result in the consumer returning the product while in less extreme situations the consumer will retain the purchased item but may take a negative view of the product. Such evaluations are more likely to occur in cases of expensive or highly important purchases. To help ease the concerns consumers have with their purchase evaluation, marketers need to be receptive and even encourage consumer contact. Customer service centers and follow-up market research are useful tools in helping to address purchasers concerns. TYPES OF CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOR Consumers are faced with purchase decisions nearly every day. But not all decisions are treated the same. Some decisions are more complex than others and thus require more effort by the consumer. Other decisions are fairly routine and require little effort. In general, consumers face four types of purchase decisions: * Minor New Purchase these purchases represent something new to a consumer but in the customers mind is not a very important purchase in terms of need, money or other reason (e.g., status within a group). * Minor Re-Purchase these are the most routine of all purchases and often the consumer returns to purchase the same product without giving much thought to other product options (i.e., consumer is brand loyalty). * Major New Purchase these purchases are the most difficult of all purchases because the product being purchased is important to the consumer but the consumer has little or no previous experience making these decisions. The consumers lack of confidence in making this type of decision often (but not always) requires the consumer to engage in an extensive decision-making process.. * Major Re-Purchase these purchase decisions are also important to the consumer but the consumer feels confident in making these decisions since they have previous experience purchasing the product. For marketers it is important to understand how consumers treat the purchase decisions they face. If a company is targeting customers who feel a purchase decision is difficult (i.e., Major New Purchase), their marketing strategy may vary greatly from a company targeting customers who view the purchase decision as routine. In fact, the same company may face both situations at the same time; for some the product is new, while other customers see the purchase as routine. The implication of buying behavior for marketers is that different buying situations require different marketing efforts Consumer Buying Decision Process â€Å"Nothing is more difficult and therefore, more precious, than to be able to decide is quoted to be the words of Napoleon. This is amply true in the case of consumer too. It is for this reason that the marketers are bound to have a full knowledge of the consumer buying decision process. However it should be remembered that the actual act of purchasing is only one stage in the process and the process is initiated at the several stages prior to the actual purchase. Secondly even though we find that purchase is one of the final links in the chain of process, not all decision processes lead to purchase. The individual consumer may terminate the process during any stage. Finally not all consumer decisions always include all stages. Persons engaged in extensive decision making usually employ all stages of this decision process. Where as those engaged in limited decisions making and routine response behaviour may omit some stages. The consumer decision process is composed of two parts, the process itself and the factors affecting the process. SURVEY BY THE MARKETING TEAM A survey conducted by the marketing team of shoppers stop Ltd. Reveals the psychography of the modern shopper. Acordingly the survey classifies customers in to the four segments namely * Convenience Shoppers * Value Shoppers * Image Shoppers * Experience Shoppers Convenience shoppers for instance ,are people who consume relatively less amount of time while shopping. Also they look out for the width and depth of the range they purchase and conduct their annual shopping at one shot. Value Shoppers always hunt for value for money ; Prefer quality reassurance and benchmark offerings among other related attributes. Image Shoppers are fashion- conscious and look out for the latest trends and labels. On the other hand , Experience Shoppers are attentive and prefer personalized services look out for the right ambience, prefer giving personal advice on clothing at the time of purchase , and prefer not to buy at one sold. ECONOMIC FACTOR AFFECT THE BUYERS BEHAVIOUR 1.Disposal personal income : The economists made attempts to establish a relationship between income and spending. Disposal personal income represents potential purchasing power that a buyer has. The change in income has a direct relation on buying habits. 2.Size of family income : The size of family and size of family income affect the spending and saving patterns. Generally large family spend more and short family spend less, in comparison. 3. Income expectations : The expected income to receive in future has a direct relation with the buying behaviour. The expectation of higher or lower income has a direct effect on spending plans. 4.Propensity to consume and to save : This goes to the habit of spending or saving with the disposal income of buyers. If the buyers give importance to present needs, then they dispose of their income. And buyers spend less if they give importance to future needs. 5. Liquidity of Fund : The present buying plans are influenced greatly by liquidity of assets i.e., cash and assets readily convertible into cash, eg bonds, bank balances etc., 6. Consumer Credit : â€Å" Buy now and pay later† plays its role effectively in the rapid growth of markets for car, scooter, radio, furniture and the like. Economic model suggests behavioural hypothsis : * Lower the price of the product, higher the sales. * Lower the price of substitute products, lower the sales of this product * Higher the real income, higher the sales of the product. * Higher the promotional expenses, higher the sales. Internal influences of buyers * psychographics (lifestyle), * personality, motivation, knowledge, * attitudes, * beliefs, and * feelings. * demographics, consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfing needs leads to his behaviour behaviour of every individuals depend on thinking process. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES OF BUYERS * culture, * sub-culture, * Locality, * royalty, * ethnicity, * family, * social class, * reference groups, * lifestyle, and * market mix factors.